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        <titl xml:lang="en">OUTLAW - Prison of Oudenaarde - Dataset of the moral reports of 262 convicted prisoners held at the prison of Oudenaarde, Belgium (1919-1924)</titl>
        <IDNo agency="DOI">doi:10.34934/DVN/Z6N0W7</IDNo>
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        <distrbtr source="archive">Social Sciences and Digital Humanities Archive &#x2013; SODHA</distrbtr>
        <distDate>2026-05-19</distDate>
      </distStmt>
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        <version date="2026-05-19" type="RELEASED">1</version>
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      <biblCit>H&#xF6;fte, Catharina; Buelen, Johan; Vandenberghe, An, 2026, "OUTLAW - Prison of Oudenaarde - Dataset of the moral reports of 262 convicted prisoners held at the prison of Oudenaarde, Belgium (1919-1924)", https://doi.org/10.34934/DVN/Z6N0W7, Social Sciences and Digital Humanities Archive &#x2013; SODHA, V1</biblCit>
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        <titl xml:lang="en">OUTLAW - Prison of Oudenaarde - Dataset of the moral reports of 262 convicted prisoners held at the prison of Oudenaarde, Belgium (1919-1924)</titl>
        <subTitl>Registers van de morele boekhouding van de gevangenis van Oudenaarde - Registres de la comptabilit&#xE9; morale de la prison d'Audenarde - Registers of the moral accounting of Oudenaarde prison</subTitl>
        <IDNo agency="DOI">doi:10.34934/DVN/Z6N0W7</IDNo>
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        <AuthEnty affiliation="OUTLAW volunteer" xml:lang="en">H&#xF6;fte, Catharina</AuthEnty>
        <AuthEnty affiliation="OUTLAW volunteer" xml:lang="en">Buelen, Johan</AuthEnty>
        <AuthEnty affiliation="State Archives of Belgium" xml:lang="en">Vandenberghe, An</AuthEnty>
        <othId role="Project Leader">Drossens, Paul</othId>
        <othId role="Project Manager">Vandenberghe, An</othId>
        <othId role="Editor">Vandenberghe, An</othId>
        <othId role="Data Curator">Buelen, Johan</othId>
      </rspStmt>
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        <producer affiliation="State Archives of Belgium" abbr="ARCH" URI="https://www.arch.be/">State Archives of Belgium</producer>
        <producer affiliation="BELSPO - Federal Science Policy" abbr="BELSPO" URI="https://www.belspo.be/">BELSPO - Federal Science Policy</producer>
        <prodPlac>Belgium</prodPlac>
        <software>Excel</software>
        <grantNo agency="BELSPO - Federal Science Policy">B2/212/P2/OUTLAW</grantNo>
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        <distrbtr affiliation="State Archives of Belgium" abbr="ARCH" URI="https://www.arch.be/" xml:lang="en">State Archives of Belgium (State Archives of Belgium) (ARCH) https://www.arch.be/</distrbtr>
        <contact affiliation="State Archives of Belgium">Drossens, Paul</contact>
        <depositr>Vandenberghe, An</depositr>
        <depDate>2026-05-17</depDate>
        <distDate date="2026-05-19">2026-05-19</distDate>
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        <serName>OUTLAW &#x2013; Moral Reports on Convicted Prisoners in Belgian Prisons, 1850&#x2013;1924</serName>
        <serInfo>This series contains 24 datasets produced as part of OUTLAW (2022&#x2013;2026), a four-year citizen science project on prison archives. The project is a collaboration between the State Archives in Ghent and Ghent University, supported by Histories vzw and funded by BELSPO. The results were made possible with the help of dozens of volunteers from the State Archives, Erfgoedcel Dijk92, Erfgoedcel Noorderkempen, and Gevangenismuseum Merksplas.</serInfo>
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    <stdyInfo>
      <subject>
        <keyword xml:lang="en" vocab="none">Arts and Humanities</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="en" vocab="none">Law</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="en" vocab="none">Social Sciences</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="en" vocab="none">Prison</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="en" vocab="none">Prison history</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="en" vocab="none">Prison population</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="en" vocab="none">Criminal justice</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="en" vocab="none">Crime</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="en" vocab="none">Offences</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="en" vocab="none">Punishment</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="en" vocab="none">Incarceration</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="en" vocab="none">Recidivism</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="en" vocab="none">Moral accounting</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="en" vocab="none">Pardons</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="en" vocab="none">Early release</keyword>
        <topcClas vocab="CESSDA Topic Classification" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/vocabulary/TopicClassification" xml:lang="en">Law, crime and legal systems</topcClas>
      </subject>
      <abstract date="2026-05-17" xml:lang="en">&lt;strong&gt;This dataset contains data from the moral registers of inmates who served a sentence at Oudenaarde prison between 1919 and 1924&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
From 1870 onwards, the so-called &lt;em&gt;'moral accounting'&lt;/em&gt; became an established practice in the Belgian prison system. In these registers, prison authorities recorded information on the behaviour, family situation, level of education, offences committed, religion, and physical and mental condition of each convicted prisoner. This information served as the basis for decisions on pardons and early release.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The dataset offers valuable information for a wide range of research purposes. For &lt;strong&gt;genealogical research&lt;/strong&gt;, family members can learn more about ancestors who served a prison sentence. For &lt;strong&gt;local history&lt;/strong&gt;, the dataset provides a unique insight into the social reality of Oudenaarde and its surroundings at the turn of the twentieth century. Researchers working on &lt;strong&gt;crime and punishment&lt;/strong&gt; will find rich sources for the study of criminal justice practices, prison policy, and the treatment of convicted persons in late nineteenth-century Belgium. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
This dataset was produced as part of project &lt;strong&gt;OUTLAW (2022&#x2013;2026)&lt;/strong&gt;, a four-year &lt;em&gt;citizen science&lt;/em&gt; project on prison archives. The project is a collaboration between the &lt;strong&gt;State Archives in Ghent&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;Ghent University&lt;/strong&gt;, with the support of &lt;strong&gt;Histories &lt;abbr title="non-profit organisation"&gt;vzw&lt;/abbr&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; and funding from &lt;strong&gt;&lt;abbr title="Federal Science Policy"&gt;BELSPO&lt;/abbr&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The results were made possible with the help of dozens of volunteers from the State Archives, Erfgoedcel Dijk92, Erfgoedcel Noorderkempen and Gevangenismuseum Merksplas.</abstract>
      <abstract date="2026-05-17" xml:lang="en">&lt;h3&gt;Morele registers van de gevangenis van Oudenaarde (1919&#x2013;1924)&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Deze dataset bevat gegevens over de 262 gedetineerden uit de morele registers van de gevangenis van Oudenaarde. Deze veroordeelde gedetineerden verbleven in het strafhuis van Oudenaarde tussen 1919 en 1924&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Vanaf 1870 deden de zogeheten &lt;em&gt;'registers van de morele boekhouding'&lt;/em&gt; systematisch hun intrede in het Belgische gevangeniswezen. In die registers hielden de gevangenisautoriteiten gegevens bij over het gedrag, de gezinssituatie, het opleidingsniveau, de gepleegde misdrijven, de religie en de fysieke en mentale toestand van elke veroordeelde. Die informatie vormde de basis voor beslissingen over gratie en voorwaardelijke vrijlating.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
De dataset biedt waardevolle informatie voor uiteenlopende onderzoeksdoeleinden. Voor &lt;strong&gt;stamboomonderzoek&lt;/strong&gt; kunnen familieleden meer te weten komen over voorouders die een gevangenisstraf uitzaten. Voor &lt;strong&gt;lokale geschiedenis&lt;/strong&gt; biedt de dataset een unieke inkijk in de sociale realiteit van Oudenaarde en omgeving aan het einde van de negentiende en het begin van de twintigste eeuw. Onderzoekers die zich bezighouden met &lt;strong&gt;criminaliteit en bestraffing&lt;/strong&gt; vinden er rijke bronnen voor de studie van strafrechtelijke praktijken, gevangenisbeleid en de behandeling van veroordeelden in het laat-negentiende-eeuwse Belgi&#xEB;. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Deze dataset kwam tot stand in het kader van project &lt;strong&gt;OUTLAW (2022&#x2013;2026)&lt;/strong&gt;, een vierjarig &lt;em&gt;citizen science&lt;/em&gt;-project over gevangenisarchieven. Het project is een samenwerking tussen het &lt;strong&gt;Rijksarchief Gent&lt;/strong&gt; en de &lt;strong&gt;Universiteit Gent&lt;/strong&gt;, met ondersteuning van &lt;strong&gt;Histories &lt;abbr title="vereniging zonder winstoogmerk"&gt;vzw&lt;/abbr&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; en financiering van &lt;strong&gt;&lt;abbr title="Federaal Wetenschapsbeleid"&gt;BELSPO&lt;/abbr&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
De resultaten werden mede mogelijk gemaakt door de vrijwilligers van het Rijksarchief te Gent, Erfgoedcel Dijk92, Erfgoedcel Noorderkempen en het Gevangenismuseum Merksplas.</abstract>
      <abstract date="2026-05-17" xml:lang="en">&lt;h3&gt;Registres moraux de la prison d&#x2019;Audenarde (1919&#x2013;1924) &lt;/h3&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Cet ensemble de donn&#xE9;es contient des informations issues des registres moraux des d&#xE9;tenus ayant purg&#xE9; une peine &#xE0; la prison d&#x2019;Audenarde entre 1919 et 1924&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
D&#xE8;s 1870, la pratique de la &lt;em&gt;&#xAB; comptabilit&#xE9; morale &#xBB;&lt;/em&gt; fut syst&#xE9;matiquement int&#xE9;gr&#xE9;e dans le syst&#xE8;me p&#xE9;nitentiaire belge. Dans ces registres, les autorit&#xE9;s p&#xE9;nitentiaires consignaient des donn&#xE9;es relatives au comportement, &#xE0; la situation familiale, au niveau d'instruction, aux infractions commises, &#xE0; la religion ainsi qu'&#xE0; l'&#xE9;tat physique et mental de chaque condamn&#xE9;. Ces informations servaient de base aux d&#xE9;cisions en mati&#xE8;re de gr&#xE2;ce et de lib&#xE9;ration conditionnelle.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Cet ensembre de donn&#xE9;es offre des informations pr&#xE9;cieuses pour des recherches vari&#xE9;es. Dans le cadre de la &lt;strong&gt;g&#xE9;n&#xE9;alogie&lt;/strong&gt;, il permet aux familles d'en apprendre davantage sur des anc&#xEA;tres ayant &#xE9;t&#xE9; incarc&#xE9;r&#xE9;s. Pour l'&lt;strong&gt;histoire locale et r&#xE9;gionale&lt;/strong&gt;, il offre un aper&#xE7;u unique de la r&#xE9;alit&#xE9; sociale d&#x2019;Audenarde et de sa r&#xE9;gion &#xE0; la fin du XIXe et au d&#xE9;but du XXe si&#xE8;cle. Les chercheurs s'int&#xE9;ressant &#xE0; la &lt;strong&gt;criminalit&#xE9; et aux pratiques punitives&lt;/strong&gt; y trouveront des sources riches pour l'&#xE9;tude des pratiques judiciaires, de la politique p&#xE9;nitentiaire et du traitement des condamn&#xE9;s dans la Belgique de la fin du XIXe si&#xE8;cle. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Ce jeu de donn&#xE9;es a &#xE9;t&#xE9; constitu&#xE9; dans le cadre du projet &lt;strong&gt;OUTLAW (2022&#x2013;2026) &lt;/strong&gt;, un projet de science citoyenne de quatre ans consacr&#xE9; aux archives p&#xE9;nitentiaires. Le projet est le fruit d'une collaboration entre les &lt;strong&gt;Archives de l'&#xC9;tat &#xE0; Gand &lt;/strong&gt;et l'&lt;strong&gt;Universit&#xE9; de Gand&lt;/strong&gt;, avec le soutien de &lt;strong&gt;Histories asbl&lt;/strong&gt; et le financement de &lt;strong&gt;BELSPO&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Les r&#xE9;sultats ont &#xE9;t&#xE9; rendus possibles gr&#xE2;ce &#xE0; la contribution de dizaines de b&#xE9;n&#xE9;voles des Archives de l'&#xC9;tat, d'Erfgoedcel Dijk92, d'Erfgoedcel Noorderkempen et du Gevangenismuseum Merksplas.</abstract>
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        <timePrd cycle="P1" event="start" date="1919">1919</timePrd>
        <timePrd cycle="P1" event="end" date="2024">2024</timePrd>
        <collDate cycle="P1" event="start" date="2022">2022</collDate>
        <collDate cycle="P1" event="end" date="2023">2023</collDate>
        <dataKind>Archives</dataKind>
        <dataKind>Administrative records</dataKind>
        <dataKind>Prison registers</dataKind>
        <dataKind>Moral registers</dataKind>
        <nation abbr="BE" xml:lang="en">Belgium</nation>
        <geogCover>Oudenaarde</geogCover>
        <geogCover>East Flanders</geogCover>
        <geogUnit>Oudenaarde</geogUnit>
        <geogUnit>Audenarde</geogUnit>
        <geogUnit>East Flanders</geogUnit>
        <geogUnit>Oost-Vlaanderen</geogUnit>
        <geogUnit>Flandre Orientale</geogUnit>
        <anlyUnit xml:lang="en">Individuals</anlyUnit>
        <universe>Convicted prisoners</universe>
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        <dataCollector>State Archives in Ghent (State Archives of Belgium)</dataCollector>
        <sources>
          <dataSrc>Archives of Oudenaarde prison (1912-2019). Online inventory: https://agatha.arch.be/data/ead/BE-A0514_114130_112819</dataSrc>
          <srcOrig>State Archives in Ghent, Archives of Oudenaarde prison (1912-2019), Moral registres, Inventory code: 514 / M58 / n&#xB0; 48-49 (https://agatha.arch.be/data/ead/BE-A0514_114130_112819).</srcOrig>
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        <collMode xml:lang="en">Citizen science</collMode>
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      <notes type="DVN:TOU" level="dv">&lt;a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"&gt;&lt;img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This work is licensed under a &lt;a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"&gt;Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License&lt;/a&gt; (CC-BY).</notes>
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          <biblCit>INVENTARIS - Baert, J., &amp; Drossens, P. (2022). Inventaris van het archief van de gevangenis van Oudenaarde. Overdrachten 1999 en 2022, 1912-2019 (Code of the inventory: M58). State Archives in Ghent. url: AGATHA - Online inventory https://agatha.arch.be/data/ead/BE-A0514_114130_112819</biblCit>
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